Resumo O Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena (SasiSUS), como parte do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), é responsável pela atenção à saúde dos povos indígenas do Brasil. Em âmbito local, são os Distritos Sanitários Especiais Indígenas (DSEI) os responsáveis pela gestão, planejamento e organização do processo de trabalho das equipes multidisciplinares de saúde indígena (EMSI), que realizam a atenção primária à saúde para essa população. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar como ocorrem o planejamento e a gestão do processo de trabalho das EMSI. Foi realizado um estudo de casos múltiplos holístico, considerando sete DSEI como unidades de análise. A principal fonte de dados utilizada foi a entrevista e, de forma complementar, a observação direta. Os resultados indicaram que, de forma geral, o planejamento está presente na organização do processo de trabalho das equipes, com variações entre os DSEI. A efetivação das ações planejadas foi relacionada à disponibilidade de diferentes recursos: funcionamento adequado do sistema de informação e a articulação intra e intersetorial do SasiSUS. Como conclusão, apontou-se a necessidade de radicalização da participação no planejamento e na gestão, necessária a uma ação coordenada para garantia da atenção diferenciada e dos princípios do SUS.

Abstract The Indigenous Health Care Subsystem (SasiSUS), as part of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS), is responsible for health care for indigenous peoples in Brazil. At the local level, the Special Indigenous Health Districts (DSEI) are responsible for managing, planning, and organizing the work process of the multidisciplinary indigenous health teams (EMSI), which provide primary health care for this population. The objective of the study was to analyze how the planning and the management of the EMSI work process occurs. A holistic multiple-case study was carried out, considering seven DSEI as units of analysis. The main source of data used were interviews and, in a complementary way, direct observation. The results indicated that, in general, planning is present in the organization of the teams’ work process, with variations between the DSEI. Carrying out the planned actions was related to the availability of different resources: adequate functioning of the information system and the intra and intersectoral articulation of SasiSUS. As a conclusion, the need to radicalize participation in planning and management, necessary for a coordinated action to guarantee differentiated care and the principles of SUS, was pointed out.

Abstract The Indigenous Health Care Subsystem (SasiSUS), as part of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS), is responsible for health care for indigenous peoples in Brazil. At the local level, the Special Indigenous Health Districts (DSEI) are responsible for managing, planning, and organizing the work process of the multidisciplinary indigenous health teams (EMSI), which provide primary health care for this population. The objective of the study was to analyze how the planning and the management of the EMSI work process occurs. A holistic multiple-case study was carried out, considering seven DSEI as units of analysis. The main source of data used were interviews and, in a complementary way, direct observation. The results indicated that, in general, planning is present in the organization of the teams’ work process, with variations between the DSEI. Carrying out the planned actions was related to the availability of different resources: adequate functioning of the information system and the intra and intersectoral articulation of SasiSUS. As a conclusion, the need to radicalize participation in planning and management, necessary for a coordinated action to guarantee differentiated care and the principles of SUS, was pointed out.

Resumo O Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena (SasiSUS), como parte do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), é responsável pela atenção à saúde dos povos indígenas do Brasil. Em âmbito local, são os Distritos Sanitários Especiais Indígenas (DSEI) os responsáveis pela gestão, planejamento e organização do processo de trabalho das equipes multidisciplinares de saúde indígena (EMSI), que realizam a atenção primária à saúde para essa população. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar como ocorrem o planejamento e a gestão do processo de trabalho das EMSI. Foi realizado um estudo de casos múltiplos holístico, considerando sete DSEI como unidades de análise. A principal fonte de dados utilizada foi a entrevista e, de forma complementar, a observação direta. Os resultados indicaram que, de forma geral, o planejamento está presente na organização do processo de trabalho das equipes, com variações entre os DSEI. A efetivação das ações planejadas foi relacionada à disponibilidade de diferentes recursos: funcionamento adequado do sistema de informação e a articulação intra e intersetorial do SasiSUS. Como conclusão, apontou-se a necessidade de radicalização da participação no planejamento e na gestão, necessária a uma ação coordenada para garantia da atenção diferenciada e dos princípios do SUS.

RESUMO A pandemia da Covid-19 tem evidenciado as profundas desigualdades da sociedade brasileira para o enfrentamento adequado dessa catástrofe sanitária. Este estudo buscou compreender as repercussões da Covid-19 nos povos indígenas brasileiros e a sua forma de organização no contexto de desigualdade social e vulnerabilidade. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa a partir da análise de lives. A busca foi feita via plataforma YouTube usando como descritores “coronavírus e indígena” e “covid e população indígena”, totalizando 56 lives – que permitiram analisar diversos olhares para o enfrentamento da pandemia, sendo evidente que o ponto de partida para prevenção, vigilância, atenção em saúde e comunicação da Covid-19 entre os povos indígenas é totalmente diferente do resto da população. O protagonismo da sociedade civil indígena está sendo extremamente relevante para o enfrentamento da pandemia. A profunda desigualdade social e as múltiplas vulnerabilidades dos povos indígenas são realidades que devem ser entendidas para superar os enormes desafios produzidos, não somente pela Covid-19, mas fundamentalmente pelo atual contexto de invisibilização, desconhecimento e ataque às sociedades indígenas brasileiras. O controle social ficou muito fragilizado, e urge seu fortalecimento para criar um modelo de saúde diferenciado que realmente contemple os interesses e modos de vida desses povos.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the deep inequalities of Brazilian society to address this health-related catastrophe. This study aimed to understand the repercussions of COVID-19 on Brazilian Indigenous peoples and how they organize in the context of social inequalities and vulnerabilities. Qualitative research was conducted based on the analysis of ‘lives’. The search was performed on YouTube using descriptors “coronavirus and Indigenous” and “COVID and Indigenous population”, totaling 56 live events, which allowed us to analyze different perspectives on the fight against the pandemic showing that the starting point for COVID-19 prevention, surveillance, health care, and communication among Indigenous peoples is different from the rest of the population. The leading role of the Indigenous civil society is highly relevant to the fight against the pandemic. The profound inequality and the multiple vulnerabilities of Indigenous peoples are realities that must be understood to overcome the enormous challenges produced not only by COVID-19 and, fundamentally, the current context of invisibility, ignorance, and attack on Brazilian Indigenous societies. Social control has been weakened, and its strengthening is urgent to create a differentiated health model that considers these people’s interests and ways of life.

RESUMO A pandemia da Covid-19 tem evidenciado as profundas desigualdades da sociedade brasileira para o enfrentamento adequado dessa catástrofe sanitária. Este estudo buscou compreender as repercussões da Covid-19 nos povos indígenas brasileiros e a sua forma de organização no contexto de desigualdade social e vulnerabilidade. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa a partir da análise de lives. A busca foi feita via plataforma YouTube usando como descritores “coronavírus e indígena” e “covid e população indígena”, totalizando 56 lives – que permitiram analisar diversos olhares para o enfrentamento da pandemia, sendo evidente que o ponto de partida para prevenção, vigilância, atenção em saúde e comunicação da Covid-19 entre os povos indígenas é totalmente diferente do resto da população. O protagonismo da sociedade civil indígena está sendo extremamente relevante para o enfrentamento da pandemia. A profunda desigualdade social e as múltiplas vulnerabilidades dos povos indígenas são realidades que devem ser entendidas para superar os enormes desafios produzidos, não somente pela Covid-19, mas fundamentalmente pelo atual contexto de invisibilização, desconhecimento e ataque às sociedades indígenas brasileiras. O controle social ficou muito fragilizado, e urge seu fortalecimento para criar um modelo de saúde diferenciado que realmente contemple os interesses e modos de vida desses povos.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the deep inequalities of Brazilian society to address this health-related catastrophe. This study aimed to understand the repercussions of COVID-19 on Brazilian Indigenous peoples and how they organize in the context of social inequalities and vulnerabilities. Qualitative research was conducted based on the analysis of ‘lives’. The search was performed on YouTube using descriptors “coronavirus and Indigenous” and “COVID and Indigenous population”, totaling 56 live events, which allowed us to analyze different perspectives on the fight against the pandemic showing that the starting point for COVID-19 prevention, surveillance, health care, and communication among Indigenous peoples is different from the rest of the population. The leading role of the Indigenous civil society is highly relevant to the fight against the pandemic. The profound inequality and the multiple vulnerabilities of Indigenous peoples are realities that must be understood to overcome the enormous challenges produced not only by COVID-19 and, fundamentally, the current context of invisibility, ignorance, and attack on Brazilian Indigenous societies. Social control has been weakened, and its strengthening is urgent to create a differentiated health model that considers these people’s interests and ways of life.

A new species of Simuliidae, Simulium (Chirostilbia) brunnescens, was discovered at Chapada dos Guimarães, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, and nearby municipalities (Paranatinga, Rosário do Oeste and Nobres). This species is described here based on the adults, pupae and larvae. This species is closely related to Simulium (C.) subpallidum Lutz, but could be differentiated in all stages: females, leg colour pattern and frontal dilatation size; males, gonostyle shape; pupae, number of gill filaments; larvae, body size and colour, postgenal cleft, ratio between antenna and stalk of labral fan.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença e composição de simulídeos nos rios Antimari e Acre, localizados no extremo oeste da Amazônia Ocidental. Foram levantados 19 pontos de coleta ao longo dos rios Antimari e Acre, onde foram coletadas 133 larvas e 197 pupas, totalizando 330 imaturos de simulídeos. As seguintes espécies foram encontradas pela primeira vez na região: Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) amazonicum Goeldi, Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) oyapockense Floch & Abonnenc, Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) quadrifidum Lutz, Simulium (Psilopelmia) lutzianum Pinto, Simulium (Psilopelmia) perfloavum Roubaud e Simulium (Notolepria) exiguum Roubaud. Os resultados sugerem que S. amazonicum, S. oyapockense e S. quadrifidum têm distribuição geográfica mais ampla e são mais frequentes nessa região.

Our goal was to verify the presence and the composition of black floy species in the Antimari and Acre rivers, located in the end of Western Amazonia, where this entomological inquiry was accomplished. Along the Antimari and Acre rivers, 19 localities were studied and 133 larvae and 197 pupae were collected, totalizing 330 black floy immatures. The following species are recorded for the first time in this area: Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) amazonicum Goeldi, Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) oyapockense Floch & Abonnenc, Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) quadrifidum Lutz, Simulium (Psilopelmia) lutzianum Pinto, Simulium (Psilopelmia) perfloavum Roubaud and Simulium (Notolepria) exiguum Roubaud. Our data suggest that S. amazonicum, S. oyapockense and S. quadrifidum have a wide geographical distribution as well as population density.

Detection of Onchocerca volvulus in Simulium populations is of primary importance in the assessment of the effectiveness of onchocerciasis control programs. In Brazil, the main focus of onchocerciasis is in the Amazon region, in a Yanomami reserve. The main onchocerciasis control strategy in Brazil is the semi-annually mass distribution of the microfilaricide ivermectin. In accordance with the control strategy for the disease, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied in pools of simuliids from the area to detect the helminth infection in the vectors, as recommended by the Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas and the World Health Organization. Systematic sampling was performed monthly from September 1998 to October 1999, and a total of 4942 blackflies were collected from two sites (2576 from Balawaú and 2366 from Toototobi). The molecular methodology was found to be highly sensitive and specific for the detection of infected and/or infective blackflies in pools of 50 blackflies. The results from the material collected under field conditions showed that after the sixth cycle of distribution of ivermectin, the prevalence of infected blackflies with O. volvulus had decreased from 8.6 to 0.3% in Balawaú and from 4 to 0.1% in Toototobi.

Triatoma brasiliensis is considered as one of the most important Chagas disease vectors in the northeastern Brazil. This species presents chromatic variations which led to descriptions of subspecies, synonymized by Lent and Wygodzinsky (1979). In order to broaden bionomic knowledge of these distinct colour patterns of T. brasiliensis, captures were performed at different sites, where the chromatic patterns were described: Caicó, Rio Grande do Norte (T. brasiliensis brasiliensis Neiva, 1911), it will be called the "brasiliensis population"; Espinosa, Minas Gerais (T. brasiliensis melanica Neiva & Lent 1941), the "melanica population" and Petrolina, Pernambuco (T. brasiliensis macromelasoma, Galvão 1956), the "macromelasoma population". A fourth chromatic pattern was collected in Juazeiro, Bahia the darker one in overall cuticle coloration, the "Juazeiro population". At the sites of Caicó, Petrolina and Juazeiro, specimens were captured in peridomiciliar ecotopes and in wilderness. In Espinosa the specimens were collected only in wilderness, even though several exhaustive captures have been performed in peridomicile at different sites of this municipality. A total of 298 specimens were captured. The average registered infection rate was 15% for "brasiliensis population" and of 6.6% for "melanica population". Specimens of "macromelasoma" and of "Juazeiro populations" did not present natural infection. Concerning trophic resources, evaluated by the precipitin test, feeding eclecticism for the different colour patterns studied was observed, with dominance of goat blood in household surroundings as well as in wilderness

Triatoma brasiliensis is considered one of the most important Chagas disease vectors being a widespread species in semiarid areas of northeastern Brazil. The species displays distinct chromatic patterns of the cuticle in different localities. Four populations were analyzed in this study: 1-Caicó, Rio Grande do Norte, it will be called the brasiliensis population; 2-Espinosa, Minas Gerais, the melanica population; 3-Petrolina, Pernambuco, the macromelasoma population, and 4-Juazeiro, Bahia, the darker one in overall cuticle coloration, the Juazeiro population. In order to differentiate the four populations of T. brasiliensis, a comparative morphological analysis of external genital structures and of eggs were carried out. The analysis of the male genital structures evidenced minor individual structural variations that did not correlate with chromatic differences or the geographical origins, emphasizing the importance of examining sufficiently large and representative samples before using minor genital variations for taxonomic diagnosis. By scanning electron microscopy of the egg exochorion, each chromatic population presented a distinct ornamentation pattern. The melanica population differed mainly from the other populations studied since it had about 40.6%, 69.6% and 76.6% more perforations, on each cell exochorion, than the brasiliensis, the Juazeiro and the macromelasoma populations respectively. In the melanica population the perforation layout is also peculiar, with densely distributed perforations over all the egg surface. Morphometric measures of the eggs showed statistically significant differences: the macromelasoma population presented the longest length (2.43 mm) while the shortest was recorded in the brasiliensis population (2.29 mm).

Triatoma brasiliensis is one of the most important vectors of Chagas disease in the semiarid zone of the northeast of Brazil. Intraspecific morphological and behavioural variation has been reported for different populations. Results for four distinct populations using eight isoenzymes are reported here. The literature describes three subspecies: T. brasiliensis brasiliensis Neiva, 1911; T. brasiliensis melanica Neiva & Lent, 1941 and T. brasiliensis macromelasoma Galvão, 1956. These subspecies differ mainly in their cuticle colour pattern and were regarded as synonyms by Lent and Wygodzinsky (1979). In order to evaluate whether the chromatic pattern is a morphological variation of different melanic forms within T. brasiliensis or due to interspecific variation, field collections were performed in localities where these three subspecies have been described: Caicó (Rio Grande do Norte), the type-locality for T. b. brasiliensis; Petrolina (Pernambuco) for T. b. macromelasoma and Espinosa (Minas Gerais) for T. b. melanica. A fourth distinct chromatic pattern was found in Juazeiro (Bahia). A total of nine loci were studied. Values of Nei's genetic distance (D) were calculated. T. b. brasiliensis and T. b. macromelasoma are the closest populations with a D=0.295. T. b. melanica had a D ³ 0.537 when compared to the others, a distance in the range of interspecific variation for other triatomine species

A list of type specimens of 100 mosquito species deposited in the Entomological collection of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz is presented. It includes five holotypes belonging to the subfamily Anophelinae; 56 holotypes of Culicinae and two of Toxorhynchitinae. A lectotype is designated for Toxorhynchites fluminensis. The holotypes of six nominal species - Psorophora chiquitana, Psorophora circunflava, Psorophora melanota, Psorophora lanei, Wyeomyia brucei and Uranotaenia noctivaga - previously considered non existent or of unknown location were found in the collection.